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Afonso de Albuquerque, Duke of Goa (c. 1453 – December 16, 1515; also spelled Aphonso or Alfonso), was a Portuguese general, a "great conqueror,"〔(“ALBUQUERQUE, ALFONSO DE” ), Vol. I, Fasc. 8, pp. 823–824 J. Aubin, ''Encyclopædia Iranica''〕〔''The Greenwood Dictionary of World History'' By John J. Butt, p. 10〕 a statesman, and an empire builder.〔''Southeast Asia: A Historical Encyclopedia, from Angkor Wat to East Timor''. Vol. 1, by Keat Gin Ooi; page 137〕 Albuquerque advanced the three-fold Portuguese grand scheme of combating Islam, spreading Christianity and securing the trade of spices and the establishment of a Portuguese Asian empire.〔''Southeast Asia: A Historical Encyclopedia, from Angkor Wat to East ...'', Volume 1 edited by Keat Gin Ooi. p. 17〕 Among his achievements, Afonso was the first European to enter the Persian Gulf and led the first voyage by a European fleet into the Red Sea.〔''A new collection of voyages and travels''. (1711) (by J. Stevens ). 2 vols. Oxford University p. 113〕 His military and administrative works are generally regarded as among the most vital to building and securing the Portuguese Empire in the Orient, the Middle East, and the spice routes of eastern Oceania.〔(【引用サイトリンク】title=New Year's resolutions... )〕 Albuquerque is generally considered a military genius, and "probably the greatest naval commander of the age" given his successful strategy: He attempted to close all the Indian Ocean naval passages to the Atlantic, Red Sea, Persian Gulf, and to the Pacific, transforming it into a Portuguese ''mare clausum'' established over the opposition of the Ottoman Empire and its Muslim and Hindu allies. In the expansion of the Portuguese Empire, Albuquerque initiated a rivalry that would become known as the Ottoman–Portuguese war, which would endure for many years. Many of the Ottoman–Portuguese conflicts in which Albuquerque was directly involved took place in the Indian Ocean, in the Persian Gulf regions for control of the trade routes, and on the coasts of India. It was Albuquerque's military brilliance in these initial campaigns against the much larger Ottoman Empire and its allies that enabled Portugal to become the first global empire in history.〔''China Goes to Sea: Maritime Transformation in Comparative Historical Perspective'' edited by Andew Erickson, Lyle J. Goldstein Naval Institute Press, 2012. page 403〕 He had a record of engaging and defeating much larger armies and fleets. For example, his capture of Ormuz in 1507 against the Persians was accomplished with an army fifty times smaller. Other famous battles and offensives led by Albuquerque include the conquest of Goa in 1510 and the capture of Malacca in 1511. He became admiral of the Indian Ocean, and was appointed head of the "fleet of the Arabian and Persian sea" in 1506.〔 During the last five years of his life, he turned to administration,〔 where his actions as the second governor of Portuguese India were crucial to the longevity of the Portuguese Empire. He pioneered European sea trade with China during the Ming Dynasty with envoy Rafael Perestrello, Thailand with Duarte Fernandes as envoy, and with Timor, passing through Malaysia and Indonesia in a voyage headed by António de Abreu and Francisco Serrão. He also aided diplomatic relations with Ethiopia using priest envoys João Gomes and João Sanches,〔(''O Preste João : mito, literatura e história'' ). By Vilhena, Maria da Conceição. pp. 641.642 (Universidade dos Açores) ("ARQUIPÉLAGO. História". ISSN 0871-7664. 2ª série, vol. 5 (2001): 627–649) (2001) (" )〕〔(Damião de Góis, Chronica do Feliçissimo rei dom Manuel (), Coimbra: Imprensa da Universidade, 1954, Part III, chapter lix) and (Armando Cortesão, Esparsos, Coimbra: Imprensa de Coimbra, 1974, 25, 77–81.)〕〔(【引用サイトリンク】title=Afonso de Albuquerque Blog: My Second Expedition to India: First Conquest of Socotra and Hormuz, 1507 )〕 and settled diplomatic ties with Persia, during the Safavid dynasty. He became known as "the Great",〔〔 "the Terrible",〔''The Career and Legend of Vasco Da Gama'', by Sanjay Subrahmanyam, p. 365〕 "the Caesar of the East", "the Lion of the Seas", and "the Portuguese Mars". ==Early life== Afonso de Albuquerque, was born in 1453 in Alhandra, near Lisbon. He was the second son of Gonçalo de Albuquerque, Lord of Vila Verde dos Francos and Dona Leonor de Menezes. His father held an important position at court and was connected by remote illegitimate descent with the Portuguese monarchy. He was educated in mathematics and Latin at the court of Afonso V of Portugal, where he befriended Prince John, the future King John II of Portugal. Albuquerque’s early training is described by Diogo Barbosa Machado: ''“D. Affonso de Albuquerque, surnamed the Great, by reason of the heroic deeds wherewith he filled Europe with admiration, and Asia with fear and trembling, was born in the year 1453, in the Estate called, for the loveliness of its situation, the Paradise of the Town of Alhandra, six leagues distant from Lisbon. He was the second son of Gonçalo de Albuquerque, Lord of Villaverde, and of D. Leonor de Menezes, daughter of D. Álvaro Gonçalves de Athayde, Count of Atouguia, and of his wife D. Guiomar de Castro, and corrected this injustice of nature by climbing to the summit of every virtue, both political and moral. He was educated in the Palace of the King D. Afonso V, in whose palaestra he strove emulously to become the rival of that African Mars”.〔''Vasco Da Gama'', By Kingsley Garland Jayne; pp. 78.79, Taylor & Francis, 1970〕 Albuquerque served 10 years in North Africa, where he gained military experience in fierce campaigns against Muslim powers and Ottoman Turks.〔 In 1471, under the command of Afonso V of Portugal, he was present at the conquest of Tangier and Arzila in Morocco,〔(【引用サイトリンク】url=http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/13157/Afonso-de-Albuquerque-the-Great )〕 serving there as an officer for some years. In 1476, he accompanied Prince John in wars against Castile, such as the Battle of Toro. He participated in the campaign on the Italian peninsula in 1480 to rescue Ferdinand II of Aragon from the Ottoman invasion of Otranto that ended in victory. On his return in 1481, when Prince John was crowned as King John II, Albuquerque was made Master of the Horse for his distinguished exploits, chief equerry (''estribeiro-mor'') to the King, a post Albuquerque held throughout John's reign (1481–95).〔〔''Vasco Da Gama'' by Kingsley Garland Jayne; pp. 79, Taylor & Francis〕 In 1489, he returned to military campaigns in North Africa, as commander of defence in the Graciosa fortress, an island in the river Luco near the city of Larache, and in 1490 was part of the guard of King John II, returning to Arzila in 1495, where his younger brother Martim died fighting by his side. Albuquerque made his mark under the stern John II, and won military campaigns in Africa and the Mediterranean sea, yet Asia is where he would make his greatest impact.〔〔''Vasco Da Gama'', by Kingsley Garland Jayne; pp. 79, Taylor & Francis, 1970〕 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Afonso de Albuquerque」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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